Abstract

Since the age of Imperialism, the haka has transformed from representing the Maori culture to representing an entire nation. It has become an emergent tradition adapting to new definitions of identity and ownership through the Maori Renaissance and beyond. Hakas have been used as political protest, tourists attractions, competitions, and opening performances at sporting events. Within the framing of each event, the haka holds different aesthetics and meanings to both its performers and audience members. These differences in meaning create a unique dynamic between Maori and non-Maori and what it means to be a New Zealander.